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PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 



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Entered qb Second Class Matter, November 17th, 1905, at the. Post Office at Columbus 

Ohio, tinder Act of Congress, July 16, '1894. 

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The Ohio Coal Supply and Its Exhaustion 





Copyrighted 1914 
by 

FRANK A. RAY 


MG 281914 

*/ 

©CI.A387153 

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INTRODUCTION. 


The importance of coal in modern civilization cannot be over¬ 
estimated. It offers to mankind solar energy in its most concentrated 
form. It is the father of modern civilization. The great coal produc¬ 
ing nations of the world which have been developed by its use, viz., 
the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Prance, Austro-Hungary, 
Belgium, Russia, and Japan, are the greatest commercial nations. The 
fires of industry and the centers of population in these countries 
cluster around their coal supplies. This supply is definite, and it is 
not inexhaustible. Every ton of it taken out of the earth, or lost in 
mining, or wasted in using leaves just that much less for the future 
needs of the world. 

The use of coal as a fuel began within the last hundred years. 
Its production in the United States in 1850 was 7,000,000 tons, and in 
1912 it was 696,000,000 tons. The Ohio production in 1850 was 704,000 
tons and 62 years later it was 34,000,000 tons, or nearly 50 times as 
great. 

With such enormous increases in the consumption of coal, the 
question of the future supply must give concern to all thoughtful men. 

The world’s supply of coal has not yet been measured. It is doubt¬ 
ful if even the oldest and most civilized of the nations know the 
amount of their coal supply. Many years of careful exploration are 
yet needed to define the coal areas in all parts of the world. 

Mr. Marius R. Campbell in “The Coal Resources of the World” 
estimates the original tonnage of the United States at 3,225,394,200,000 
tons, and the total production to 1912 at 11,926,140,000 tons, leaving 
a reserve of 3,213,468,000,000 tons; to which may be added Brook’s 
and Martin’s estimate of Alaska, amounting to 19,593,000,000 tons, or 
a total of 3,233,060,800,000 tons as the coal reserve of the United 
States and Alaska. 

Mr. Campbell estimates the original tonnage of Ohio coals at 
85,000,000,000 tons. The total production to 1912, including the esti¬ 
mated losses in mining, amounts to 926,667,000 tons. This would 
leave a coal reserve for Ohio of about 84 billion tons, which means the 
equivalent of a continuous coal seam 7 feet thick over the entire 
area of Ohio coal measures. 

The writer hopes to show that such published estimates of the coal 
reserves at this time cannot be even approximately correct because of 
our meager knowledge of the coal seams on which all such estimates 
of coal reserves must be based. 


THE COAL FIELDS OF THE WORLD 


In late years our attention has been called by our law-makers to 
the question of coal reserves, not only for our own State and Nation, 
but of the world as well. The very large increase in the consumption 
of coal in recent years makes this a question of grave importance. 

Map Page 5 has been taken from “The Coal Resources of the 
World,” and shows the location of the world’s coal supply. It will 
be noted that the greater part lies in the Northern Hemisphere. This 
is said to be due partly to the larger land areas found there, and 
partly to the fact that the earlier coal-bearing portions of the carbonif¬ 
erous strata are not represnted in the Southern Hemisphere. The 
writer is proud to be able to call attention to the fact that our coun¬ 
try possesses over one-half of the estimated coal reserves of the world. 


4 


1,1 iii.i in m \ M 1 •* 



The Coal Areas of the World. (Indicated by the black spots.) 








ESTIMATE OF THE COAL RESERVES OF THE WORLD IN 

MILLION TONS. 

(See Map, Page 5. 


Country. 

Class A 
Anthracite 
Including 
Some Dry 
Coals. 

Classes B and 
C Bituminous 
Coal. 

Class D 
Sub-bitu¬ 
minous 
Brown Coals 
and Lignites. 

Totals. 

Oceana . 

659 

133,481 

36,270 

170,410 

Asia . 

407,637 

760,098 

111,851 

1,279,586 

Africa . 

Newfoundland . 

11,662 

45,123 

500 

1,054 

57,839 

500 

Canada . 

2,158 

283,661 

948,450 

4 

1,234,269 

Central America. . . . 


1 

5 

South America. 

700 

31,397 


32,097 

Europe . 

54,346 

693,162 

36,682 

784,190 

United States. 

19,684 

1,955,521 

1,863,452 

3,838,657 

Total .| 

496,846 

3,902,944 

2,997,762 

7,397,553 


CLASSES A, B, C, AND D BRIEFLY DEFINED. 

Class A. Includes coal that burns with short, blue flame, or with slightly lu¬ 
minous, short flame and little smoke; does not coke and yields from 3 
to 5 per cent combustible matter. Fuel ratio, 7 to 12 or over. Calorific 
value, 8000 to 8060 calories. 

Class B. Burns with short, luminous flame and yields 12 to 15 per cent volatile 
matter; does not readily coke. Fuel ratio, 4 to 7. Calorific value, 8400 
to 8900 calories. 

Or burns with luminous flame and yields from 12 to 26 per cent volatile 
matter; generally cokes. Fuel ratio, 1.2 to 7; Calorific value, 7700 to 
8800 calories. 

Or burns freely with long flame, which stands weathering but fractures 
readily, and occasionally contains moisture up to 6 per cent. Makes 
porous coke. Fuel ratio, 2.5 to 3.3. Calorific value, 6600 to 7800 calories. 

Class C. Burns with long, smoky flame; yields from 30 to 40 per cent volatile 
matter on distillation, leaving a very porous coke. Fracture generally 
resinous. Calorific value, 6600 to 880 calories. 

Class D. Contains generally over 6 per cent of moisture; disintegrates on drying; 

streak brown or yellow; cleavage indistinct; moisture in fresh-mined, 
commercial output up to 20 per cent; fracture generally conchoidal; 
earthy and dull; drying-cracks irregular, curved lines. Calorific value, 
5500 to 7200 calories, or moisture in commercial output over 20 per 
cent. Calorific value, 4000 to 6000 calories. 

(Taken from “The Coal Resources of the World,” Vol. 1, Page X to XIII 

inclusive.) 


6 









































THE COAL FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(See Map, Page 8.) 

There are seven general coal areas in the United States. 

The Pennsylvania Anthracite Fields cover 480 square miles. 

The Appalachian Coal Field covers the coal area in Ohio, Penn¬ 
sylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
Alabama, amounting to an estimated area, of 69,485 square miles. 

The Interior Fields include the coal of Michigan, Indiana, West¬ 
ern Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, 
and Texas, amounting to an estimated area of 132,900 square miles. 

The Gulf, or Lignite Field includes the lignite coal bordering the 
Gulf of Mexico, lying in the States of Arkansas and Texas, amounting 
to an estimated area of 2,100 square miles. 

The Rock Mountain Fields include the lignite and bituminous coals 
of North and South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New 
Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, amounting to 126,022 square miles of 
known coal fields. 

The Pacific Coal Fields include the coal areas of Washington, 
Oregon, and California, amounting to 1900 square miles. The toted 
bituminous coal embraced by these regions given in “The Coal Re¬ 
sources of the World” amounts to a little less than 340,000 square 
miles. 



























ESTIMATE OF ORIGINAL TONNAGE OF COAL IN THE UNITED STATES. 

BY MARIUS R. CAMPBELL. 


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TOTAL RUN OF MINE COAL PRODUCED IN OHIO. 

BY YEARS FROM 1828 to 1882, INCLUSIVE. 


Year 

I 

Tons 

Year 

Tons 

Year 

I 

Tons 

Year 

Tons 

1828 .. 

_20,900 

1842... 

.. .247,500 

1856... 

. .1,023,000 

1870... 

. . .2,780,113 

1829 . . 

.31,900 

1843... 

. . .308,000 

1857... 

. .1,525,000 

1871... 

. . .4,400,000 

1830 . . 

. . . .42,900 

1844... 

. . .374,000 

1858.. 

. .1,100,000 

1872... 

. . .5,846,794 

1831 .. 


1845... 

. . .429,000 

1859.. 

. .1,166,000 

1873... 

. . .5,005,028 

1832 . . 

.64,900 

1846... 

. . .462,000 

1860.. 

. .1,392,100 

1874... 

. . .3,594,285 

1833 . . 

.75,900 

1847... 

. . .528,000 

1861.. 

. .1,265,000 

1875... 

. . . 5,350,259 

1834 . . 

.86,900 

1848... 

. . .591,000 

1862.. 

. .1,320,000 

1876... 

. . .3,850,000 

1835 .. 

.97,900 

1849... 

. . .660,000 

1863.. 

. .1,324,951 

1877... 


1836 . . 

. . . . 108,900 

1850... 

. . .704,000 

1864.. 

. . 1,996,562 

1878... 

. . . 6,050,000 

1837 . . 

. . .119,900 

1851... 

. . .537,000 

1865.. 

. .1,689,839 

1879... 

. . .6,600,000 

1838 .. 

. . . .131,852 

1852... 

. . .770,000 

1866. . 

. .2,076,166 

1880... 

. . .6,716,595 

1839 . . 

. . . .137,500 

1853... 


1867.. 

. .2,301,567 

1881... 

. .10,164,000 

1840 . . 

. . . . 159,860 

1854... 

. . .880,000 

1868.. 

. .2,723,428 

1882... 

. .10,395,000 

1841 . . 

. . . .176,000 

| 1855... 
1 


1869.. 

. . .2,708,184 

1 Total. . 

.109,956,583 


Note:—Years 1828 to 1839, inclusive, interpolated by F. A. Ray. 

Years 1840 to 1882, inclusive, taken from Mineral Resources. 

Yol. 2, 1908—Tonnage as given in Mineral Resources is for lump and nut coal 
to which F A. Ray has added 10% for slack coal. 

The area of Ohio coal measures amounts to 11,396 square miles, 
or about one-thirteenth of the coal area of the United States. It must 
be remembered that these figures are merely estimates, and in the 
younger states may not be even approximately true. 

Alaska is credited with having an area of 1,200 square miles of 
known coal and 16,000 square miles of possible coal fields. ~W"e aie 
liable to find such estimates very misleading approximations. 


13 















































































PRODUCTION OF COAL IN OHIO BY COUNTIES YEARS 1883-1912. 


Name of Counties. 


1883 


Athens . 

Belmont ... 

Carroll. 

Columbiana 
Coshocton .. 

Gallia . 

Guernsey ... 
Harrison ... 
Hocking .... 
Holmes 
Jackson .... 
Jefferson ... 
Lawrence .. 
Mahoning .. 
Medina .... 

Meigs. 

Muskingum 

Noble . 

Perry. 

Portage .... 

Stark . 

Summit .... 
Trumbull .. . 
Tuscarawas 

Vinton . 

Washington 

Wayne. 

Morgan ..,. 

Scioto . 

Monroe .... 


Total 


1 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


915,515 

622,326 

188,615 

622,082 

86,300 

10,956 

244,650 


Total tons produced, year 1828 to 
1882, inclusive. 


Total production to 1912. 


639,159 

26.400 
490,504 
221,022 
170,793 
266,371 
316,780 
397,557 

37.400 


1,885,199 

79,500 

390,775 

185,500 

500,612 

394,066 

47,800 


627,944 

643,129 

102,531 

469,708 

56,562 

20,372 

375,427 


372,694 

12,052 

831,720 

316,777 

176,412 

241,599 

77,160 

248,436 

84,398 


162,847 


8,902,729 


1,379,100 

65,647 

513,225 

253,148 

257,683 

317,141 

69,740 

5,600 

120,571 

7,636 

3,650 


823,139 

744,446 

150,695 

462,733 

99,609 

16,383 

277,267 


656,441 

11,459 

791,608 

271,329 

145,916 

275,944 

152,721 

234,756 

86,846 


7,650,062 


1,259,592 

77,071 

391,418 

145,134 

264,517 

285,545 

77,127 

5,000 

81,507 

5,536 

2,440 


899,046 

533,779 

216,630 

336,063 

52,934 

17,426 

433,800 

5,509 

741,571 

12,670 

856,740 

275.666 
166,933 
313,040 
252,411 
192,263 

96,601 

3,342 

1,607,666 

70,339 

593,422 

82,225 

188,531 

267.666 
60,013 

5,500 

109,057 

4,370 


1,083,543 

721,767 

293,328 

516,057 

12,479 

15,365 

553,613 

4,032 

853,063 

10,526 

1,135,605 

293,875 

143,559 

272,349 

225,487 

185,205 

171,928 

6,320 

1,870,841 

65,163 

784,164 

95,815 

167,989 

506,466 

89,727 

1,880 

105,150 

4,100 


7,816,179 


8,435,215 


10,301,700 


1,336,698 

1,108,106 

355,092 

466,191 

167,903 

16,722 

383,728 

2,865 

1,086,538 

8,121 

1,088,761 

243,178 

137,806 

231,035 

198,452 

242,483 

211,861 

6,200 

1,736,805 

70,923 

793,297 

112,024 

157,826 

546,117 

108,695 

2,432 

91,157 


10,910,946 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1,466,328 

814,699 

430,995 

628,041 

156,341 

14,868 

317,397 

1,080 

911,488 

10,142 

1,257,731 

294,664 

111,815 

217,118 

132,706 

228,156 

232,298 

14,281 

1,549,450 

65,286 

1,028,649 

84,438 

106,480 

643,866 

98,749 

2,770 

86,549 


10,907,385 


1,420,280 

827,568 

420,078 

544,851 

146,837 

15,160 

547,072 

4,792 

1,239,576 

13,358 

1,291,778 

571,909 

108,505 

228,761 

181,861 

268,599 

249,666 

11,565 

1,714,762 

70,687 

891,430 

189,362 

105,333 

565,105 

86,611 

3,835 

71,431 


1,090 


11,788,859 


1,374,320 

1,259,570 

205,521 

664,569 

205,193 

18,277 

498,859 

4,316 

1,622,429 

16,811 

1,598,876 

666,187 

88,440 

232,346 

157,410 

299,402 

232,918 

9,560 

1,759,790 

68,612 

925,370 

143,549 

64,173 

733,374 

104,366 

3,796 

91,553 


13,050,187 


1,590,507 

1,249,423 

273,272 

610,179 

244.149 
19,634 

572,281 

8,646 

1,863,303 

16,666 

1,770,742 

879,500 

127,074 

242,515 

220.149 
308,127 
264,473 

9,995 

2,056,896 

87,925 

938,519 

110,299 

55,775 

887,106 

88,305 

3,480 

80,188 

19,000 

1,180 


14,599,908 


1893 


1,622,851 

1,277,540 

290,259 

636,608 

305,769 

5,292 

534,416 

14,698 

1,889,996 

14,181 

1,778,770 

1,138,083 

80,741 

198,370 

197,405 

278,562 

364,067 

15,360 

2,171,495 

94,586 

831,024 

97,040 

23,152 

794,681 

76,144 

1,936 

64,934 

14,500 

769 

4,868 


14,828,097 


1894 


1,457,579 

1,193,329 

285,180 

501,783 

181,127 

13,361 

641,561 

27,537 

1,453,391 

15,616 

1,499,287 

997,888 

75,292 

97,062 

143,196 

219,971 

248,286 

21,867 

1,460,831 

92,946 

456,728 

27,322 

33,137 

651,903 

62,496 

2,000 

32,142 

13,599 

1,391 

2,411 


11,910,219 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1,435,744 

961,367 

326,670 

644,823 

161,723 

10,341 

972,505 

26,003 

1,432,741 

12,665 

2,072,939 

861,185 

125,280 

101,866 

265,411 

216,897 

255,230 

19,376 

1,789,109 

87,012 

860,733 

49,260 

29,809 

753,286 

61,068 

4,533 

119,015 

17,930 

3,875 

5,483 


13,683,879 


1,383,709 

1,082,964 

278.296 
516,005 
342,625 

6,671 

1,068,453 

28,391 

1,351,511 

10,164 

1,651,199 

670,867 

81,746 

52,277 

195,669 

259.296 
264,105 

42,507 

1,703,816 

48,060 

1,056,979 

53,666 

7,172 

613,563 

46,503 

3,646 

69,058 

19,080 

1,785 

2,835 


12,912,608 


1,299,454 

905,378 

162,537 

735,041 

326,981 

15,704 

861,776 

28,159 

1,381,414 

19,313 

1,649,493 

744,790 

124,448 

92,283 

159,987 

203,861 

339,660 

63,967 

1,449,178 

79,245 

777,042 

83,238 

10,838 

730,473 

75,445 

2,974 

84,052 

22,165 

17,119 

2,807 


12,448,822 


1,533,188 

1,168,567 

261,535 

886,053 

342,904 

17,391 

1,176,524 

38.144 
1,254,740 

15.601 
1,804,792 
829,526 
68,835 
75,149 
147,714 
193,335 
250,718 
62,912 
1,789 890 
75^851 
867,097 
65,378 
7,471 
950,913 

85.144 
3,634 

41,598 

26,940 

12,140 

4,451 


14,058,135 


1899 


1,761,775 

1,259,520 

212,051 

799,474 

364,702 

14,470 

1,313,774 

29,852 

1,929,753 

12,321 

2,179,757 

935,975 

135,064 

74,309 

158,216 

225,149 

220,854 

66,714 

1,748,522 

114,778 

1,073,750 

86,100 

11,059 

1,053,938 

71,072 

2,090 

18,557 

24,881 

8,424 

2,720 


15,908,934 


1900 


2,594,859 

1,595,369 

205,641 

718,108 

366,145 

16,138 

1,904,381 

36,087 

2,311,679 

12,966 

2,319,321 

971,209 

112,873 

109,348 

152,767 

249,060 

311,547 

89,046 

2,517,258 

103,241 

1,150,232 

122,988 

19,181 

1,267,185 

77,231 

2,679 

45,566 

29,954 

11,657 

2,933 


19,426,649 


1901 


3,066,533 

1,544,832 

254,510 

792,533 

360,635 

15,740 

2,094,887 

111,847 

2,348,869 

16.548 

2,141,466 

1,303,308 

143,678 

52,765 

183,391 

255,892 

226,375 

82,844 

2,563,051 

86,781 

1,049,093 

123,541 

12,148 

1,324,570 

88,024 

1,738 

31,530 

33,504 

10,349 

308 


20,321,290 


1902 


3,666,993 

2,058,066 

251,652 

868,426 

410,309 

26,450 

2,968,108 

293,841 

2,118,805 

17,187 

2,316,123 

1,789,452 

186,635 

94,773 

139,933 

340,700 

286,532 

34,992 

2,830,962 

97,928 

1,184,749 

93,586 

8,143 

1,577,654 

110,423 

3,930 

94,015 

50,437 

8,351 

132 


23,929,267 


1903 


3,905,904 

2,612,025 

326,095 

874,602 

422,221 

23,889 

2,715,946 

249,106 

1,967,636 

32,099 

2,412,116 

2,320,419 

249,139 

89,218 

136,803 

388,568 

305.933 
52,247 

2,731,595 

101,889 

926,180 

44,329 

8,476 

1,328,951 

154.934 
4,000 

97,952 

82,315 

8,515 

164 


24,573,266 


1904 


3,854,078 

3,283,089 

354,594 

721,144 

326,467 

18,979 

3,084,220 

307,206 

1,894,869 

30,850 

1,958,538 

2,495,375 

194,192 

86,495 

103,910 

212,395 

300,310 

154,970 

2,491,682 

97,692 

761,173 

84,208 

6,635 

1,296,876 

240,524 

3,800 

123,520 

83,700 

12,224 


24,583,815 


1905 


3,848,440 

3,871,846 

235,826 

705,824 

388,932 

18,551 

2,896,526 

402,679 

1,695,763 

24,820 

1,887,904 

3,337,799 

212,949 

117,074 

91,205 

370,587 

242,011 

171,509 

2,390,570 

83,603 

774,832 

115,529 

3,591 

1,361,394 

224,275 

3,600 

165,224 

173,551 

9,013 


25,834,657 


1906 


4,370,912 

4,467,295 

209,360 

554,047 

358,128 

43,895 

3,348,934 

335,928 

1,553,507 

43,080 

1,452,176 

2,998,476 

257,049 

121,412 

104,729 

530,476 

368,320 

409,114 

2,609,701 

109,227 

772,583 

96,997 

1,956 

1,429,565 

220,904 

1,920 

204,573 

222,891 

10,331 


27,213,495 


1907 


4,753,044 

6,355,582 

371,542 

686,585 

397,229 

36,635 

4,009,141 

489,118 

91,32,616 

14,447 

1,303,529 

4,648,263 

246,562 

95,280 

47,181 

375,033 

442,278 

309,349 

2,921,754 

96,463 

737,017 

99,971 

1,895 

1,776,566 

249,475 

691 

204,773 

290,422 

13,508 


32,365,949 


1908 


4,170,995 

5,591,719 

439,080 

516,780 

366.805 
13,692 

2,926,448 

447.805 
1,282,647 

18,768 

836,997 

3,565,008 

180,265 

86,326 

18,103 

482,630 

436,947 

208,192 

2,108,050 

88,543 

524,052 

103,299 

7,534 

1,331,248 

183,542 

1,304 

125,525 

217,036 

8,460 


26,287,800 


1909 


4,354,074 

5,993,418 

398,085 

714,325 

390,302 

9,920 

3,108,686 

576,162 

1,036,743 

15,844 

823,034 

4,056,148 

214,685 

63,974 

12,465 

543,595 

416,217 

379,055 

2,076,407 

102,624 

458,392 

78,268 

5,405 

1,513,900 

128,728 

1,232 

86,987 

187,241 

8,916 


27,755,032 


1910 


5,943,638 

8,336,428 

309,328 

740,345 

435,903 

13,923 

4,473,022 

599,741 

1,451,147 

13,203 

933,238 

5,111,563 

190,465 

66,312 

27,604. 

648,149 

270,416 

441,823 

2,394,961 

105,155 

547,635 

94,346 

4,716 

811,782 

159,006 


164,724 

126,544 

9,834 


34,424,951 


1911 


4,532,595 

8,040,333 

269,687 

668,039 

438,369 

17,114 

3,901,529 

476,914 

1,547,839 

11,242 

673,663 

4,321,829 

84,567 

64,276 

16,942 

532,840 

410,777 

480,524 

2,021,594 

115,080 

442,860 

85,711 

3,496 

670,251 

129,986 

355 

202,329 

175,699 

5,599 


30,342,029 


1912 


4,886,476 

9,316,850 

310,018 

482,878 

356,299 

27,523 

4,333,963 

750,831 

2,046,175 

11,059 

783,334 

4,641,908 

88,104 

47,511 

10,395 

635,940 

522,198 

641,677 

2,164,130 

83,293 

417,823 

82,032 

2,989 

1,311,301 

100,084 

523 

184,381 

196,622 

7,794 

180 


34,444,291 


Totals 


75,990,161 

79,440,330 

8,388,703 

19,083,897 

8,385,394 

530,840 

52,538,894 

5,301,289 

43,328,103 

508,302 

43,591,741 

51,773,178 

4,429,822 

4,307,158 

4,228,163 

9,767,920 

8,151,170 

3,809,308 

60,754,657 

2,585,150 

22,920,248 

3,088,303 

2,077,722 

27,696,452 

3,376,141 

81,478 

3,160,545 

2,004,653 

178,414 

29,292 


551,507,428 

109,956,583 


661,464,011 

















































































































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OHIO COAL DISTRICTS. 


The development of the present commercial Ohio coal fields began 
in most cases with the building of the railroads into them. Some 
coal was shipped by canal in the early days, but the amount was small 
in comparison to that produced from the rail coal fields developed 
later. 

There are fifteen districts in the State in which coal is mined 
from one or more of the nine different seams. 

The production of coal from the Wellston and Ironton Fields be¬ 
gan with the completion of the C., H. & D. and the D., T. & I. Railroads 
about 1880. The Wellston and Jackson fields have been actively 
producting coal from Nos. 1. 2, 3, and 4 coal seams for about thirty- 
four vears. 

The development of the Hocking Thick and Thin Vein No. 6 Field 

began in a small way with the construction of the Hocking Valley 
branch of the Ohio canal. The first mines were located at Chauncey 
and Nelsonville. The best market at that time was the old Neil House 
at Columbus. The production of coal from this field did not reach 
any degree of importance until the building of the Hocking Valley 
Railroad to Nelsonville in 1869, which was followed by the construc¬ 
tion of the Straitsville branch a year later. The Shawnee branch of 
the B. & 0. Railroad was completed to Shawnee in 1872. The Toledo 
& Ohio Central Railroad was completed to Corning about 1879. The 
Columbus, Shawnee, and Hocking Railroad was completed to Redfield 
and Canalville in 1883. The Kanawha and Michigan Railroad was 
built in 1882. The building of these railroads fixes the time that this 
field has been active at about 34 years. The most of the production has 
been from the thick vein No. 6 coal, although some of it has come from 
the No. 7 seam. The production of the thin vein began about 12 
years ago. 

Coal began to be shipped from the Pomeroy Field by river about 
1833. Three years later the first tow boat was built, and the towing 
of coal in barges began on the Ohio River at Pomeroy. The shipping 
of all rail coal began in this field at the completion of the Hocking 
Valley and K. & M. railroad connection to Pomeroy in 1892. The 
production has all come from the No. 8 seam. 

The development of the Cambridge Field began in the No. 7 
seam with the completion of the Cleveland and Marietta Railroad 
from Marietta to Canal Dover in 1874. The period of activity in this 

16 


field, therefore, has been 40 years, and the production has been largely 
from the No. 7 seam. 

The Eastern Ohio No. 8 Coal Field development was begun by 
Jacob Heatherington and his mule, “Jack,” on a three-acre lease 
near Bellaire in about 1830. The coal was fiat-boated to points along 
the Mississippi River for the use of sugar refineries. 

The all-rail coal development in this field has all been made 
since the completion of the direct railroad outlets to the lakes, and 
the extension of the Pennsylvania lines into this coal field. The 
largest development has been within the last twelve years, which has 
been mainly from the No. 8 seam. 

The Coshocton and the Sherrodsville Fields are both located on 
the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and each is provided with 
an outlet north to the lakes by the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad. 
The development of these fields dates to the completion of these rail¬ 
roads, which was about 1880. The coal seams worked are No. 5, 6, 
and 7. 

The Bergholz Field began to develop on the completion of the 
L. E. & W. Railroad about 1884, in the No. 6 coal. 

The Salineville Field began with the building of the C. & P. Rail¬ 
road, and its connection north to the lakes in the No. 3 and No. 6 
coal seams. 

The Palestine and Lisbon Coal Fields were developed by the 
building of the P., F. W. & C. Railroad. This field is producing coal 
from the No. 3, 6, and 7 seams. 

The Palmira Field was brought into operation by the P. L. E. & W. 
Railroad. Probably the first coal systematically mined in Ohio was 
mined at Tallmadge, Ohio, and was shipped to Cleveland by Henry 
Newberry in 1828. It was offered to steamboats as a substitute for 
wood. The value of Summit County coal was not fully recognized 
until twenty years later. About this time Governor Todd began 
mining at Youngstown, and shipments were made by canal. It is 
claimed that coal was first discovered at Tallmadge, Ohio, in 1825 
by F. PI. Wright while digging a ground hog out from under a stump. 
There is some doubt as to where and by whom the discovery of Ohio 
coal can be credited, since there are varying references made on some 
of the public records and maps bearing dates of about this time. 

The Massillon Field was developed by the Cleveland and Mahon¬ 
ing Railroad, which was completed in 1864. Both the Palmira and 
Massillon fields are producing coal from the No. 1 seam. 

17 


The most important of the fifteen coal districts are the Eastern 
Ohio No. 8 Coal Field, the Thick and Thin Hocking No. 6 coal, and 
the Cambridge No. 7 Coal District. These three districts alone origi¬ 
nally contained two-tliirds of the proven Ohio coal reserve. 

The annual production of coal from these three districts amounts 
to over eighty per cent, of the total annual coal production for Ohio. 


THEORY OF COAL FORMATION. 

Dr. Edward Orton has said, “Every coal seam was formed at the 
ocean level; to the generation of a coal field three conditions are 
indispensable: (1) An abundant growth of vegetation. (2) This 

growth located at the level of the sea. (3) Oscillations of the earth’s 
crust. All are present in the carboniferous age, not only for this 
continent, but in Europe and Australia as well. In other portions of 
the world, and even in our own country, in the Rocky Mountain re¬ 
gion, coal fields have been developed at other points in the geological 
scale, but the same conditions can be traced in all to the very existence 
of the seam.” 

It is now believed that the coal regions were at, one time a part 
of the sea and that vast growths of vegetable matter accumulated 
along the shores, during long periods when the earth’s crust was at 
rest. Following this came a period when the earth subsided when the 
vegetable growth was covered by the sea and upon which were de¬ 
posited silt and sand, and at times a growth of limestone. 

The action during long intervals of time furnished the shales, 
the sandstones, and the limestones which “covered the vegetable accu¬ 
mulation with appropriate deposits, to compress them so as to work 
the strange transformation of vegetable tissue into coal.” 

The geological column of a coal field shows many coal seams one 
above anothe’r: “Each one standing as it does for a long period of 
growth, is covered through a movement of subsidence which lets in 
the sea with its burden of silt and sand.” 

“We have several examples in our Ohio scale where the sea has 
held quiet possession long enough to roof over the buried coal swamp 
with a layer of limestone that requires for its growth a period com¬ 
parable with that required for the growth of the coal seam itself.” 
If we grant that this theory correctly accounts for the formation of 
coal seams, then it will require but little imagination for us to see 
that favorable conditions for the growth of a coal seam would not 

18 


likely be equally good in all parts of a region. The subsidence may 
have been more in one place than in another. The conditions for the 
growth of vegetation may have more favorable in some places than 
at others. The periods of rest may have been of shorter duration in 
the formation of one seam than in another, all of which would explain 
the irregularities found in coal seams. The large areas of barren 
territory, the many slate partings, and the inferior quality of some 
coals, result in the uncertainty of a coal seam carrying true for any 
considerable distance. 


From this theory of coal formation it naturally follows that .each 
of the coal seams forms comparatively narrow strips of coal border¬ 
ing the sea where it grew. There has been much speculation as to 
how far back from the outcrop the various coals extend in minable 
thickness under cover. Some of our greatest geologists place this 
distance for Ohio coal fields at about 25 miles. None of the coal seams 
are supposed to cover the entire basin or region. Recent drillings 
have proven that several of the coal seams may carry true more than 
a hundred miles from the line of its outcrop. 

All of the Ohio coal formations have a general dip of about 30 
feet to the mile towards the Ohio River. Haselton’s World's Fair 
charts showed the various Ohio coal seams to cover the entire erea 
occupied by the coal measures in an unbroken blanket. This made 
an impressive exposition of Ohio Coal Reserve, but it was far from the 
truth. 


CLASSIFICATIONS OF OHIO COAL SEAMS. 

Some years ago the late R. M. Haselton published a stratigraphical 
chart, which faithfully shows the order and the generally accepted 
classification and names of all of the coal seams found in the Ohio 
scale. 

The classification of the coal seams in the Appalachian Region 
was first made by Professor Lesley for Pennsylvania. He attempted 
to name the coal seams alphabetically in the order of their occurrence, 
beginning with the lowest coal in the scale. 

Professor Newberry afterwards adopted Lesley’s order for the 
Ohio coals but named them numerically in their order from the bottom 
upwards. Later Dr. Orton found that Newberry’s classification was 
incomplete and that there were several coal seams that had been 
left without place or name in the Ohio scale. This made it necessary 
for him to revise the classification into its present accepted form. 

19 


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20 


























































































COAL SEAMS MINED IN OHIO. 


There are 19 seams of coal in Ohio, of which 16 are mined more or 
less at one or more places within the State. At present only nine 
of these seams are being mined in Ohio to any great extent, and of 
these, five are producing more than three-fourths of the State’s present 
total annual production. 

The No. 1 Gcal Seam is the lowest of the minable seams in Ohio. 
It is an open burning coal and is usually of very high quality, al¬ 
though there are many graduations of quality. This coal is mined in 
the northern part of the State in Portage, Summit, Stark, and Wayne 
Counties, and in the southern portion of the State in Jackson and Vin¬ 
ton Counties. This product is very uncertain and lies in small detached 
bodies rarely exceeding 200 acres in area. This seam has a very uneven 
floor and does not exceed six feet in thickness, with an average thick¬ 
ness of three feet. The minable area of this coal is small and a con¬ 
siderable part of it is now exhausted. 

The No. 2 Coal Seam is found in minable thickness in Jackson, 
Vinton, and Hocking Counties. The coal is of excellent quality. It 
is high in moisture, but contains less ash than any other Ohio coal. 
The largest minable area is found in the center of Jackson County. 
This area is now nearly exhausted. There is an area of undeveloped 
No. 2 coal along the line between Vinton and Hocking Counties. 

The No. 3 Coal Seam is mined in Mahoning, Columbiana, and Vin¬ 
ton Counties. Though occurring in 13 counties in Ohio it is not an 
important coal seam. The coal is liable to be found too impure for 
market purposes. The thickness varies in different localities, but will 
average about 3.5 feet in the counties that we have credited with 
minable areas of this coal. 

The No. 4 Coal Seam is widely distributed and is on the whole a 
more valuable seam than the No. 3 coal. There are shipping mines 
in this coal in Carroll, Oallia, Vinton, Jackson, and Scioto Counties. 
It is mined in a small way in several other counties in the State. 

The Ohio State Geological Survey states that the No. 4 coal seam 
acquires its largest volume, and perhaps its greatest value, in Co¬ 
shocton County. There are no mines credited to Coshocton in this 
coal seam. The coal will average 4 feet in thickness for areas that we 
have taken into account. This coal is high in ash and sulphur, but is 
a desirable domestic and steam coal, which will become more important 
as the more desirable coals become exhausted. 

21 


The No. 5 or Lower Kittanning Coal Seam is one of the most im¬ 
portant seams of the State. It is mined in Carroll, Gallia, Jackson, 
Lawrence, Mahoning, Tuscarawas, and Vinton Counties. This seam 
has great steadiness. It is found from two to live feet in thickness 
and will average 3.25 feet of clean coal on the areas I have considered 
in making my estimates of proven coal reserves. This coal is so close¬ 
ly connected with its companion, the No. 6 or Middle Kittanning Coal, 
that a discussion of the stratigraphical relations of the one tits the 
other. 

The Kittanning coal seams have been traced around the whole 
northern margin of the Appalachian field from Maryland on the east 
to the central part of Kentucky on the south. 

The No. 6 or Middle Kittanning Coal Seam is one of the three 
most important coal seams of the State. It is found from 20 to 50 
feet above the No. 5 coal. In Western Pennsylvania it is generally 
found thin. On the State line there is a small area where it becomes 
cannel coal, but after crossing the Ohio line it resumes its normal char¬ 
acter. In the Yellow Creek Valley in Jefferson County the No. 6 
coal becomes an excellent coking coal but rather high in ash. In 
Columbiana County the seam is thin but generally present. It is 
minable in Stark County and is thicker in Tuscarawas County where 
it is generally mined. It carries generally true to McC'uneville, Perry 
County. Throughout this territory the seam is very persistent and 
regular in every way. Its maximum thickness is from 4 to 5 feet, and 
its average thickness is 3.5 feet of clean coal. From McCuneville 
south and westward the seam thickens. There is a large area amount¬ 
ing to about 224 square miles in Athens, Hocking, and Perry Counties, 
where this coal is from 5 to 13 feet thick, and is locally known as 
Thick Vein Hocking. This area of thick coal is roughly bounded by 
the outcrop, on the west; the B. & 0. Railway, on the south; the T. 
& 0. C. Railway, on the east, and the Shawnee branch of the B. & 0. 
and the old C'., S. & H. Ry. to Corning, on the north. The coal within 
this boundary averages 7 feet thick. The thin vein No. 6 coal comes 
in east of Corning and is found of minable thickness east and north 
everywhere that explorations have been made. It is either thin or 
cut out entirely for a large area around Amesville, Athens Count}^ 
The average thickness of the thin No. 6 coal is 3.5 feet of clean coal. 

Much of the thick vein No. 6 seam is cut out by the Jumbo Fault, 
amounting to at least 37 square miles from the center of the thick 
vein field. This seam is thin in Jackson County, but is somewhat thick¬ 
er in Gallia and Lawrence Counties. The No. 6 seam is an excellent 


22 


domestic coal. It is hard and stands rehandling. It is very desirable 
for lake shipment. 

The No. 7 or Upper Freeport Seam ranks third in importance of 
the Ohio coals. It is mined in Athens, Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, 
Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas Counties. The most important 
production is from Guernsey County. Generally the coal is moderately 
cementing, has well-defined cleavage planes, is somewhat soft with 
medium amount of ash and is liable to be high in sulphur. It is a good 
steam coal, but does not stand rehandling. Its floor is generally regu¬ 
lar. The roof is either a few feet of shale or the Mahoning sandstone. 
In places this sandstone forms the roof, and has cut out a part or all 
of the coal. Dr. Orton stated that the strong currents that brought 
in the sandstone have carried away the shale, and have cut channels 
of varying widths throughout the body of coal in all fields of No. 7 
coal thus far explored, creating “wants,” or “horsebacks”. These 
troubles are serious drawbacks to the mining of this coal and render 
untested areas very uncertain. 

The No. 8 or Pittsburg Coal is known to be the most valuable 
coal seam in North America. In all of the states where it occurs it is 
important. It is found in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, and 
Ohio. The total area in these states is estimated to be from 6,000 to 
7,000 square miles. Dr. Orton estimated the area for Ohio alone at 
1,250 square miles. There are two distinct fields in Ohio. The East¬ 
ern, which is the most important, underlies the whole of Belmont 
County, the southern half of Jefferson, the eastern portion of Guernsey, 
probably the northern portion of Monroe, and the northeastern por¬ 
tion of Noble County. The Southern field occupies portions of Morgan, 
Athens, Meigs, and Gallia Counties. 

This coal seam is usually persistent and of characteristic struc¬ 
ture. It is at its best along the river in Jefferson and Belmont Counties. 
Farther west in this field the structure is less constant. In Athens 
County the structure is decidedly changed. Instead of the usual three 
benches with the attending slate partings, we have two benches sepa¬ 
rated by a heavy clay parting. The coal here is not persistent, and is 
often found with either the top or both benches missing. Dr. Bow- 
nocker states, that the Meigs County coal that Dr. Orton named the 
No. 8 is in reality the Redstone seam that comes about 20 feet above 
the No. 8 coal. 

For the purpose of this publication it has been considered as No. 
8. The Pomeroy coal is a very valuable coal for domestic and steam 

23 


purposes. The whole of the county has been explored and the limits 
of minable coal are definitely defined. The clean No. 8 coal will average 
a little more than 4 feet thick. 

The No. 8 coal will coke, but in Ohio its sulphur content is too 
high to make a coke suited for metallurgical purposes. The Black Dia¬ 
mond Company are making a satisfactory domestic coke at their 
mines at Lathrop, Ohio. The No. 8 seam promises to live the longest 
of any of our Ohio coals. 

The No. 8-A or Meigs Creek Seam has an irregular floor and roof, 
especially the latter, which would indicate that the conditions under 
which it was formed were not uniform. This coal lacks persistence. 
It is a dirty coal, high in ash and sulphur. There is one small opera¬ 
tion mining in this seam at Hiramsville, Noble County. I have included 
this coal seam in my estimate of coal reserve wherever the Ohio Geo¬ 
logical Survey has shown a considerable area 3.5 feet or more in thick¬ 
ness. Minable areas are present in Belmont, Harrison, and Noble 
Counties. While there is at present no demand for this coal there 
will come a time in the future when it will be of great value. 

There are many thin seams of coal that we have not taken into 
consideration. They are in the most part too thin or too inferior to be 
minable at present. Most of these thin seams will undoubtedly have 
value some time in the future. 

THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE COAL SEAM AND THE DIFFI¬ 
CULTY OF ESTIMATING THE COAL RESERVE WITH¬ 
OUT FULL KNOWLEDGE. 

From what has already been said it will be seen that the coal seams 
have distinctive characteristics in different parts of the State. The 
same seam is found in minable condition in one locality, and is either 
absent or worthless at another. Not one of the seams continues un¬ 
broken, of uniform thickness or quality over the coal bearing area. 
The theory of coal formations suggests that each coal seam must con¬ 
stitute a relatively narrow strip of coal of indefinite width bordering 
the arm of the sea around which it grew. The mining of the various 
coal seams has exposed many kinds of faults, replacements, or cutouts, 
which have rendered a portion of the area unminable or worthless. 
Some of the coal seams have been found more dependable than others, 
yet experience has taught us that it is very unsafe to take for granted 
that any of them will hold true in character and quality through any 
considerable area. 


24 


Specific E.xa.m Iples 5howinc) Irrec^ u \ a.r i + ies 

tn Cocci Seams. 











































































































NfiW. 


.~£ p .< evtv ... 

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The Jumho Fault 























































































































































TgST H OLE 
EAST OF 
SALUPOLI a , 
ClALLI A , C O . O. 


TEST HOLE 
S.E. OF 
ANTI quiTY 
L-START TWR 
WEiGS, CO. O . 



SOI u 

8 R 6 Y SmAlS 


S A N P ST ONE 
WHITE SANDSTONE 


SANDSTONE 


ED SNA 
GREY 3 . &HACE 


rep SKALE 
GREY S. SHAuE 


REP Sc GREY SHAlE 


GREY S SMALe 

RCPSHAlC 
GREY SHAUt 

RBD 6NAL5 


sandstone 

GReY SHALE 


test hole 
BeTweeN ATHer*^ 
a< marietta irn 
pecATURE TWF.. 
vVA»HlN 6 TOn,CO.O. 

Top 
6 HAV 6 L 


DRILLHOLE IN** ’Z. O RIL.L. HOLE I*** \ 

Locat«.A Ntar Cot- Fra.L. Lol N?SS. LocaVscL N*.ar NE Co- frit.Ut S 3 . 


^ i 


SANDSTONE 

Blue shalb 


Mswati 

wcuwshi 

usvnsa 

L me stone 

BLUE SHALE 

limestone 
Red shKlc 

uhc stone 

BLuB SNAUE 

samP STONE 




Blue shale 

SANDSTONE 

Rep SHALE 

GREY SHALE 
LIME STONE 

REP SHALE 

Sandstone 

•lue shale 


Sandstone 

*»RE CLAY 


RBP SHALE 

Blue skalc 


Rl if BirALE 


BEOL SHAl, 

UMEVTONE 


Blob L»H ALE 


RBP SHALE 

Blue shale 


Rep SHALE 

BLUE SHALE 


SANDSTONE 


Blub shale 
sand ston e 


Blue SHALE 

black slate 
C OAU 
Blue shale 

Sandstone 


BLAC.N Sl /• I e 
<CQ«Au_ 

PiRfc LuAy 

BRowN SrlALC 


OLue shalc 


TYPICAL LOGS OF TEST HOLES DRILLED 
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F.A.RAY, E.M.. 
THEIR LOCATION INDICATED BY O 
ON MAP OF COAL FIELDS OF OHIO. 


TEST HOLE 
s. e. of 
BISHOPVILLE , 

homer twf. 

MCRGAN,C.O. O. 



HOLE 
in sa.fr 
SAN TO'Y 
MONROE TWF. 
PERRY, OO.O. 


SANDSTONE 

BLUE SHALE 
DARKS HALE 
LI MBS TOM e 

SANDY SHALE 



TeST hole 

IN EAR 

PLEASANT CITY 
VALLEY TWF. 

QueRNSSY.tO. O. 

TOT* 


m 


TEST HOLE 
SOUTHERN PART 
LONDONDERRY 
TOWNSHIP, 
GUERNSEY,CO.O. 
too 


TEST HOLE 
EAST OF 
BELMONT 
GOSHEN TW P.. 

BE L. MONT,CO. O. ~ reST HOLC 
too Ne/^F 

SOIL AL.L .6 N DOMA , 

WASHINGTON TWP., 
0 BLMONT,CO.,O . 


LIMESTONE 

SOAOSTONt 
• lack slate 
M eiQS CHECK COAL 
MESTONE 


SSVr 6 


C GRAV*L 


eSTONt 
COAL 
FlRg CLAY 
LIME 3 TOM E 

SOAPSTONE 
C»AF?K SHALE 
30A F> STONE 


LlMESTON E 
SOAPSTONE 
PARK'SHAlE 
SOAO»TOM E. 


m 


COAL M*o e» gjSL 
»=iRe Olay 

LIMB OTONE 1 - 1 


So>u 

limestones 

Shales 


LIMESTONE 
SKALC 
PlRtCLAV 
Black blate 
MEiGS CReeK COAL 
ShalE. 

Lime STONE 

ift»M Tor r* s 

LIME STONE 


SHALES 
Black Slate 

DAHK 1 !^ L. E 


UMESTONC 
DARK Sh AL e 
U.H*%TON*e 
SANDSTONE 
smal e 


LlMESTON E 
Shales 

RtDSTONt CO. 
ShalE 

LIM 6 STON t 
PAR YA * •• ALE 
LIME* - e 

Ska w ■ 

Limsstonss 

PARK S 

me'h.jsr => 

Lome's ^oiv*e 




BLUE CLAY 


BLUE CLAY 
G RAVEL 


SLUE CLAY 

C O/X L IS-RT 


FIRe CLAY 
SANDY SLATE 


SANDSTONE 
HARD SAN O- 


NDSTONE 
■>AL 


WE 

FIRe CLAY 
SANDY clay 

SANDY SLATE 


SANPSTON E. 
BLUE SLATE 
PARK SLATE 

Black Slat e 
COAL N« C 
firb clay 

sandy clay 


SLACK SLATE 
FIRE CL AT 
SANDY SwATt 
SANDSTON* 

PARK SLATE 
Pi Re CLAY. 
LIMESTONE 


SANDSTONE 

OAR K SLATE 
COAL NT. "7 
FIRS CLAY 


BANDSTON 6 
C O AL. 
fire clay 

SHALC 


SANOBTOMB 

LIMESTONE 


PARK SLATE 

Black slate 
COAL IN* Q> 
FIRe CLAY 


Blac«\ Slate 
COAL IN?. S 


£ IT. 

VA 
OPT. 

VERTICAL 

SCALE 


f 





















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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Minable Coal Areas in Ohio. 

28 




0^ 


0 


N«. 10. 

THE « 


FIELDS of 


Oftfo 


GENERAL MAP 


SHOWING 

AREAS ABOVE DRAINAGE 

OF- TH K 

PRINCIPAL SEAMS. 

Scab JO inib» per inch. 

C. K. Chief D 

VZZ1 mmt mntanmo cost mmiuign com 

oeh» reaeoer com .« *i>fi cxtn com off qa 

•oo»o*»r of nn com Miwui 

cnomavco *v «.* ou«i»e eo.Cis, 




















































































































































Such conditions as these render it impossible to make an accurate 
estimate of Ohio coal reserve until the whole of its coal areas have 
been thoroughly prospected by mining and drilling, and the minable 
coal areas have all been definitely located. 


PROVEN COAL AREA USED IN COAL RESERVE ESTIMATE. 

(See Map, Page 28.) 

The writer has located all of the important coal mines as nearly 
as possible on Dr. Orton’s map of the Ohio Coal Fields, and has made 
use of these locations together with records of drilling to define the 
areas of proven coal. The probable unexplored coal area is in most 
cases all of the territory not covered by proven areas lying between 
the outcrop on the west and an arbitrary easterly and westerly line 
connecting the eastern extremities of proven fields. 

The thickness of the coal used for the various fields represents 
the average measured sections of clean coal taken from the mines or 
from drilling records. 

Fifteen hundred tons run of mine per vertical foot per acre have 
been used as a constant for all coal in estimating the tonnage. The 
writer has endeavored to be conservative and give the various fields 
full credit for all the coal the known facts will warrant. 

LOSSES IN MINING. 

The amount of coal that has been lost in the process of mining in 
Ohio is a question of judgment about which there may be widely dif¬ 
fering opinions. There is no doubt but that such losses were greater in 
the early days of Ohio mining than they are now with the present im¬ 
proved methods and systems of mining. A loss equal to 30% of the 
coal mined is assumed and added to the total coal produced, which 
should give the total coal depleted from the State. 

COAL DEPLETION FOR OHIO. 

It is impossible to ascertain the actual amount of coal that has 
been mined in Ohio. Until 1872 no attempt was made to collect the 
statistics of the State’s coal production. The early statistics give only 
the lump and nut coal produced, and even these are very incomplete. 
To all such figures have been added twenty per cent for pea and 
slack to bring the tonnage to run of mine coal. The earliest produc- 

29 



Pi-an of Working in Hocking Valuet 

of Mining in 1&74 

Oaao by TKt NcLtoxviLLE Minins Co. 



DOUBLE ENTRY PLAN . 


System Regomenpeo its \S7C 



O»«o by Stumtsvii-lb Minin* Co. 



PLAN OF WORKING 

Systbm or- Minins IN 1B7C , 

BY the Nkvy/vi^k CoawCombahy 
in Thein Shawnbe Mines. 


Early Systems of Mining in Ohio. 






























































































































































































































































































































































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Illustrating a Poor System of Mining, 



























































































































32 


Illustrating a Good System of Mining, 
























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tion statistics obtainable for this publication begin with 1828, which is 
probably at or near to the beginning of the Ohio coal production. The 
earliest production statistics of counties begin in 1883, and have been 


collected and published in the reports of the Chief Mine Inspector. 

The Chart page shows the tabulated results of the writer’s esti¬ 
mate of Ohio proven minable coal. It is estimated that there is at 
least 1731 square miles of unexplored probable coal area. In this esti¬ 
mate it is assumed that 80 per cent, of this area contains one minable 
seam of coal three feet thick. This estimated quantity is added to the 
amount of proven coal tonnage. In four of the most important districts 
these estimates are compared with the estimates made by well-known 
mining engineers employed in these districts. In each instance the 
writer ’s estimates have been somewhat larger. 

On this basis the total Ohio coal reserve amounts to 13,428,000,000 
tons, or enough to till a train of 50-ton cars long enough to reach 73 
times around the earth. Yet this amounts to little more than one-sixth 
of Mr. M. R. Campbell’s estimate of Ohio coal reserve. 


DEPLETION CURVES. 

With the object of studying the depletion of coal areas, the writer 
has platted the annual production curves of the counties for the years 
1883 to 1912, inclusive. Three distinct types of curves are developed 
which indicate three classes of coal producing counties: those in 
which the annual production was at its maximum at the beginning 
of the curve and gradually became less; those counties which began 
small and increased year by year to the maximum, holding that for 
several years, then gradually lessening in production to the end of the 
curve. The third class is for counties whose annual production has not 
yet reached the maximum. 

The typical curves indicate to some extent the degree of ex¬ 
haustion of the coal fields. None of the Ohio districts have been act¬ 
ively productive for more than fifty years, and yet most of them begin 
to show a decline and some of them show decided symptoms of ex¬ 
haustion. 

With the knowledge that our coal supply is definite and that its 
depletion is going on with increasing rapidity, we naturally inquire if 
there are not practical ways of conservation by the stopping of mining 
losses. The present average loss in mining in Ohio amounts to 30 
per cent, excluding defective coal that is left in the mine and usually 
lost. 




34 



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Tete ia&9 189S. 1896 ** 189A »9© 4 I «)o 4 (907 19\o iB^ (88<i ‘BB9 Tr^S 5898 i^oi 1^04 i^oT 































































































































3*2.0,000 



»©©<i 'Be^ *©<^Z. I»98 l«)Oi iqo-v 1907 i r )\o I©© «©©<b ICSR 9 I Ift^s l© 9 © l^oi l^O "7 \C)tO J*?'*. 




















































































































38 








































































39 










































































































40 



























































































41 


























































































































This loss could be materially reduced by raising the standards of 
competency of all engaged in mining coal, by employing more efficient 
systems and methods of mining. The necessary loss in mining ought 
not to exceed 15 per cent, of the minable coal. If this be true the un¬ 
necessary loss is 15 per cent and could be saved. 

Unfortunately the attention of the public has been called to this 
one item of waste to the exclusion of all others. J. M. Searle, Chief 
of the Division of Smoke Inspector of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, says 
that the unnecessary loss in the use of coal in Pittsburg is 20 per cent, 
an unnecessary loss for 1912 amounting to 1,121,283 tons, or $1,151,- 
283.00 for Pittsburg alone. This amount of unnecessary loss in the 
use of coal will undoubtedly hold true for the whole of the United 
States. The ordinary thermal efficiencies of main power units range 
from 15 to 33 per cent, which entails a loss in fuel consumed of 67 to 
85 per cent. Should we not direct our efforts towards securing more 
efficient results in the use of coal? 

HOW LONG WILL OUR COAL LAST? 

No one can predict the time when Ohio’s coal reserve will be ex¬ 
hausted. I have prepared the curve page 39, which accurately sIioavs 
what has taken place in annual production and total depletion from 
the beginning of coal production in Ohio to 1912. The total exhaustion 
curve shows that the annual production has in the past nearly doubled 
every ten years. See curve page 41. If this rate of increase should 
continue until total depletion, the coal will be exhausted in 48 years, 
which means at the end the annual production would have to be over 
600,000,000 tons. See curve page 43. This rate of increase cannot go 
on indefinitely. There must come a time when the output of coal for 
Ohio will be reduced to its natural markets only, and the annual pro¬ 
duction will then remain practically constant up to the time of be¬ 
ginning decline, when the annual production will grow gradually less 
and finally cease when total exhaustion is reached. 

If the annual output is allowed to double for the next ten years 
and then remain constant until the end, total exhaustion would be 
reached in 214 years. If this constant production were allowed to con¬ 
tinue for 168 years, and the production on the declining side of the 
curve were the same as the beginning side, then the total depletion 
would be reached in 272 years. If the total exhaustion curve is platted 
from the assumed annual production curve shown, then the total de¬ 
pletion will be reached in 688 years. The total depletion will probably 

42 



43 




















































































































































































































be reached at some time before this extreme, unless our unexplored 
eoal areas develop bodies of coal that are now unknown to us, and more 
efficient substitutes for coal are discovered. 

All of this is pure speculation. Our knowledge is yet deficient. 
We must know more of the facts, both as to the coal reserve and the 
future consumption, before the date of total depletion of the Ohio coal 
reserve can be predicted. 

Dr. Orton in a tribute to what the coal miners have done for geol¬ 
ogy said: “I have to believe that much that we have already gained 
is solid knowledge; that is, firmly fixed no more to move, but no one 
sees more clearly than I how fragmentary and incomplete it all is 
after all/' 


-44 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Introduction . 3 

The Coal Fields of the World. 4 

Map—The Coal Fields of the World. 5 

Estimate of the Coal Reserves of the World in Million Tons. . 6 

The Coal Fields of the United States. 7 

Map—The Coal Fields of the United States. 8 

Estimate of Original Tonnage of Coal in the United States. .. . 9-12 

Total Run of Mine Coal Produced in Ohio, 1828 to 1882, incl.. . 13 

Production of Coal in Ohio by Counties from 1893 to 1912. ... 14 

Map—Commercial Coal Fields Recognized by the Coal Trade. . 15 

Ohio Coal Districts . 16-18 

Theory of Coal Formation . 18-19 

Classification of Ohio Coal Seams.. 19 

Stratagraphical Chart Showing Ohio Coal Seams. 20 

Coal Seams Mined in Ohio. 21-24 

The Uncertainty of the Coal Seams and the Difficulty of Esti¬ 
mating . 24 

Specific Examples Showing Irregularities in Coal Seams. 25 

Map—The Jumbo Fault. 26 

Typical Logs of Drill Holes. 27 

Map—Minable Coal Areas in Ohio. 28 

Proven Coal Areas Used in Coal Reserve Estimate. 29 

Early Systems of Mining in Ohio. 30 

Map—Illustrating a Poor System of Mining. 31 

Map—A Good System of Mining. 32 

Estimated Tons of Counties of Proven Coal in Ohio. 33 

Depletion Curves . 34 

Production Curves—Perry, Athens, Hocking, Belmont, Jackson, 

Stark, Tuscarawas, Guernsey and Jefferson Counties, Ohio. 

45 


35 























Production Curves—Columbiana, Meigs, Carroll, Lawrence, Co¬ 
shocton, Harrison, Wayne, Vinton, Muskingum, Noble and 
Morgan Counties, Ohio . 36 

Productive Curves—Trumbull, Medina, Mahoning, Summit, 
Portage, Holmes, Gallia, Washington, Monroe and Scioto 
Counties, Ohio . 37 

Typical Production Curves of Groups of Counties Whose Pro¬ 
duction Makes the Same Typical Curve. ,38 

Ohio Production Curve. 39 

State Production Curves—Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Ken¬ 
tucky, Michigan and Pennsylvania. 40 

Curve Showing Total Coal Production in Ohio to 1912. 41 

Curve Showing the Total Coal Exhaustion in Ohio. 41 

How Long Will Our Coal Last. 42 

The Total Exhaustion Curve Projected to Total Exhaustion, 

Based on Assumed Future Annual Production Until Coal 
Reserve is exhausted . 43 















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No. 1—Some Observations on the Qualities of Paving Brick, by Ed¬ 
ward Orton,. Jr. 

No. 2—The Coefficient of Expansion' and 

Body Mixtures, by B. C. Purdy and A. P. Potts. 


No. 3- 


.: W, Blair 


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and EdwardJQrton, Jr. 

No. 4—Superheated Steam, by E. A. Hitchcock. (Edition exhausted),' 


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No. 5—Tests of a Sand-blasting Machine, by W. T. Magruder. : 

!—The Bismuthate Method for Manganese and a New Method for 
the Detelimination of Yanadium, by D. J. Demorest, 1 


No. $ 
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jBSM,m ... I 


, F. H. Eno. 

. No. 8—Stresses in Tall Buildings, by C. A. Melick. (Edition ex 
hausted). .;■/ v.; 


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No. 9—-Electrolytic Disposition of Sewage, by F. 0. Caldwell. 




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